Glosses for generic concepts like 'particle', 'infix', 'tense', 'object marker' and the like are generally to be avoided in favor of specifying the precise value of the morpheme.These abbreviations are, however, commonly used as the basis for glosses for symmetrical voice systems (formerly called 'trigger' agreement, and by some still 'focus' (misleadingly, as it is not grammatical focus), such as AV (agent voice), BF (beneficiary 'focus'), LT (locative 'trigger'). or v.i.), and T (theme – direct object of ditransitive verb). Morphosyntactic abbreviations are typically typeset as full capitals even when small caps are used for glosses, and include A ( agent of transitive verb), B (core benefactive), D or I (core dative / indirect object), E (experiencer of sensory verb), G or R ( goal or recipient – indirect object of ditransitive verb), L (location argument), O or P ( patient of transitive verb), S (single argument of intransitive verb), S A (Sa) and S P or S O (Sp, So) (agent- and patient-like argument in split-S alignment), Se and Sx (argument of equative/copular and existential verb), Su (subject of v.t. Glosses for case should be used instead, e.g. Lehmann recommends that abbreviations for syntactic roles not be used as glosses for arguments, as they are not morphological categories. ![]() For kinship glosses, see the dedicated section below for a list of standard abbreviations. Proper nouns/names may simply be repeated in the gloss, or may be replaced with a placeholder such as "(name. Exceptions include proper nouns, which typically are not translated, and kinship terms, which may be too complex to translate. Lexical morphemes are typically translated, using lower-case letters, though they may be given a grammatical gloss in small caps if they play a grammatical role in the text. ![]() This is also seen when the meaning of a morpheme is debated, and glossing it one way or another would prejudice the discussion. For example, if a passage has two contrasting nominalizing suffixes under discussion, ɣiŋ and jolqəl, they may be glossed GN and JQ, with the glosses explained in the text. This is typically done when it is the topic of discussion, and the author wishes it to be immediately recognized in the gloss among other morphemes with similar meanings, or when it has multiple or subtle meanings that would be impractical to gloss with a single conventional abbreviation. A morpheme will sometimes be used as its own gloss. ![]() in have been omitted from the list below, but are always possible. COMPLEMENTIZER, NONTHEME or DOWNRIVER rather than COMP, NTH, DR. At the extreme, glosses may not be abbreviated at all but simply written in small caps, e.g. TRANSTVZR for 'transitivizer' or SUBJUNCT for 'subjunctive'. Glosses may also be less abbreviated than the norm if they are not common in a particular text, so as to not tax the reader, e.g. Such shortened forms may be ambiguous with other authors or texts are so are not presented as normative here. This helps keep the gloss graphically aligned with the parsed text when the abbreviations are longer than the morphemes they gloss. IP rather than IMM.PST for 'immediate past'.
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